Well car
A well car, also known as a double-stack car or stack car, is a type of railroad car specially designed to carry intermodal containers(shipping containers) used in intermodal freight transport. The "well" is a depressed section which sits close to the rails between thewheel trucks of the car, allowing a container to be carried lower than on a traditional flatcar. This makes it possible to carry a stack of two containers per unit on railway lines (double-stack rail transport) wherever the loading gauge assures sufficient clearance. The top container is held in place either by a bulkhead built into the car, or through the use of inter-box connectors.
Advantages to using well cars include increased stability due to the lower center of gravity of the load, lower tare weight, and in the case of articulated units, reduced slack action.
Double-stack cars are most common in North America where intermodal traffic is heavy and electrification is less widespread; thus overhead clearances are typically more manageable.
Intermodal container
An intermodal container or freight container (commonly shipping container, sea can, or conex box, a shorthand of the Army term CONtainer EXpress) is a reusable transport and storage unit for moving products and raw materials between locations or countries; the terms container or box may be used on their own within the context of shipping. Containers manufactured to ISO specifications may be referred to as ISO containers and the term high-cube container is used for units that are taller than normal. There are approximately seventeen million intermodal containers in the world[1] and a large proportion of the world's long distance freight generated by international trade is transported inside shipping containers (as opposed to break bulk cargo).[citation needed]
The containerization system developed from a design of an 8-foot (2.438 m) cube units used by the United States' military and later standardised by extension to 10-foot (3.05 m), 20-foot (6.1 m), and 40-foot (12.19 m) lengths. Longer, higher and wider variants are now in general use in various places.[1]
Container variants are available for many different cargo types. Non-container methods of transport include bulk cargo, break bulk cargo and tankers/oil tankers used for liquids. For air freight the alternative and lighter IATA-defined Unit Load Device is used.
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Insulated shipping container
Insulated shipping containers are a type of packaging used to ship temperature sensitive products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. They are used as part of a cold chain to help maintain product freshness and efficacy. The term can also refer to insulated intermodal containers or insulated swap bodies.
An insulated shipping container might be constructed of:
- a vacuum flask, similar to a "thermos" bottle
- fabricated thermal blankets or liners
- molded expanded polystyrene foam (EPS, styrofoam, etc), similar to a cooler
- other molded foams such as polyurethane, polyethylene, etc
- sheets of foamed plastics
- reflective materials: (metallised film, etc)
- bubble wrap or other gas filled panels
- other packaging materials and structures
Some are designed for single use while others are returnable for reuse. Some empty containers are sent to the shipper disassembled or “knocked down”, assembled and used, then knocked down again for easier return shipment.
BBC Box
The Box or BBC Box (code: NYKU8210506) is a single ISO intermodal container that started to be tracked by BBC News in September 2008. The intention was to track the container for a period of one year, in a project to study international trade and globalization. The Box was fitted with tracking equipment and painted in a special one-off livery.
Overview
The tracking project was launched on 8 September 2008.[1] The project tracked a standard 40-foot-long (12 m) shipping container as it was transported by the Nippon Yusen Kaisha (NYK) shipping line using intermodal freight transport with various cargoes. An on-board GPS unit tracked the Box's location and this was used to update a map showing the current location and previous route. If the container's GPS or communications signal was obstructed (such as having been stacked too far inside the ship's hold, the ship's own GPS location was being used to manually update a map.[2] The tracking unit suffered technical problems during December 2008.[3]
The Box was painted in a special BBC paint scheme and was named after the book, The Box, covering the effects of containerisation.[1] The project is being assisted by the Container Shipping Information Service.
[edit]Cargoes
The box started off empty, travelling to its first destination under the BBC branding. The first cargo was a consignment of whisky from a Glasgow-based bottling plant to Shanghai, China. On arrival in Shanghai, the Box was met and reported on by British school pupils on a trip to China.[4]
- (empty)
- from Southampton Maritime, England to a "dry port" at Coatbridge, Scotland (by rail, behind Freightliner 66594 NYK Spirit of Kyoto)
- to Paisley, Scotland (by road)
- Chivas Regal Scotch Whisky
- from Paisley via Greenock, Scotland (by road)
- via Port of Belfast, Northern Ireland, to Port of Southampton (on board Vega Stockholm)
- via Suez Canal and Gulf of Aden; reloaded at Port of Singapore, to Port of Shanghai, China (on board Copenhagen Express)
- Tape measures/cosmetics/gardening products for Big Lots
- from Port of Shanghai via Japan and Pacific Ocean to Port of Los Angeles, United States (on board NYK Starlight);
- via New Jersey (by rail)
- to Pennsylvania (by road)
- Household goods[5]
- from New York, (on board Iwato, IMO9106807, formerly Eagle I)
- to Santos, Brazil (by sea)
- Monosodium glutamate and auto parts
- from Santos via Cape of Good Hope and Singapore (on board Aquitania, IMO9178288, Callsign A8HJ6)
- reloaded at Port of Hong Kong to Port of Yokohama, Japan (on board NYK Clara, IMO9355408, Callsign 9VFW9)
- Various (consolidate cargo)
- from Yokohama 15 August 2009 (on board Ratana Thida/230, IMO9117129, Callsign HSAG2)
- to Laem Chabang, Thailand (expected: 23 August 2009)
- Tinned Catfood
- 25 September 2009 Lat Krabang, Bangkok, Thailand, Due to arrive Southampton, United Kingdom 21 October 2009
Later arrived in Southampton on 22 October at around 3am, unloaded with crane L, being driven by Lee Harfield, the same driver that had loaded it when it left Southampton.
GPS tracking stopped on 2009-04-04, shortly after passing Mauritius.
[edit]
Cellular vessel
FA cellular vessel is a container ship specially designed for the efficient storage of freight containers one on top of other with vertical bracings at the four corners. The majority of vessels operated bymaritime carriers are fully cellular ships.Containers lashed to cellular vessels are less vulnerable to crew tampering than containers on mixed-use cargo vessels, making them less of a risk from the standpoint of port security
Container crane
A container crane (also container handling gantry crane, ship-to-shore crane ) is a design of large dockside gantry cranes found at container terminalsfor loading and unloading intermodal containers from container ships.Container cranes consistent of a supporting framework that can traverse the length of a quay or yard, and a moving platform called a "spreader". The spreader can be lowered down on top of a container and locks on to the container's four locking points ("cornercastings"), using a "twistlock" mechanism. Cranes normally transport a single container at once, however some newer cranes have the capability to up pick up up to four 20-foot containers at once. The first use of a container crane was constructed by Paceco Corp. for Matson (a marine terminal in Alameda, CA) in the early 1960s and called aPortainer.[citation needed]A fully maneuverable version not using rails is a rubber tyred gantry crane.
Types
There are two common types of container handling gantry crane: high profile where the boom is hinged at the waterside of the crane structure and lifted up in the air to clear the ships for navigation; the second type is the low profile type where the boom is shuttled/pulled towards and over the ship to allow the trolley to load and discharge containers. Low profile cranes are used where they may be in the flightpath of aircraft such as where a container terminal is located close to an airport.[edit]Designers and manufacturers
The Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Company (ZPMC) is the world's largest manufacturer of container cranes.[citation needed] Container cranes are often delivered fully assembled on converted oil tankers (the cranes are welded to the deck of the ship for transit). When transported, the cranes are 103 metres and weigh 1,250 tonnes each.[1]Amongst the major designers and manufactures of these cranes are[citation needed] Liebherr Container Cranes[2], Kalmar Industries[3], (ZPMC)[4], TCM Corporation[5], Konecranes, IMPSA[6], Paceco[7], Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Mitsui Hyundai and Samsung.A container crane can can cost up to US$10 million each and take two years to deliver.[1][edit]Sizes
Container Cranes are generally classified by their lifting capacity, and the size of the container ships they can load and unload containers.- Panamax
- A "Panamax" crane can fully load and unload containers from a container ship capable of passing through the Panama Canal (ships of 12–13 container rows wide).
- Post Panamax
- A "Post-Panamax" crane can fully load and unload containers from a container ship too large (too wide) to pass through the Panama Canal (normally about 18 container rows wide).
- Super-Post Panamax
- The largest modern container cranes are classified as "Super-Post Panamax" (for vessels of about 22 container rows wide and/or more). A modern container crane capable of lifting two (2) 20-foot (6.1 m) long containers at once under (end-to-end) the telescopic spreader will generally have a rated lifting capacity of 65 tonnes. Some new cranes have now been built with 120 tonne load capacity enabling them to lift up to four (4) 20-foot (6.1 m) long or two (2) 40-foot (12 m) long containers. Cranes capable of lifting six (6) 20-foot-long containers have also been designed. Post-Panamax cranes weigh approximately 800–900 tonnes while the newer generation Super-PostPanamax cranes can weigh 1600–2000 tonnes.
[edit]Operation
The crane is driven by an operator that sits in a cabin suspend from the trolley. The trolley runs along rails that are located on top or sides of the boom and girder. The operator runs the trolley over the ship to lift the cargo which generally are containers. Once the spreader latches (locks) on to the container with the Spreader, the container is lifted and moved over the dock and placed (discharged) on a truck chassis (trailer) to then be taken to the storage yard. The crane will also lift containers from the chassis to store (load) them on to the ship.Straddle carriers, sidelifts or container lorries then manoeuvre underneath the crane base, and collect the containers—rapidly moving the containers away from the dock and to a storage yard.[edit]Power
The cranes are powered by two types of power source; by diesel engine driven generators which are located on top of the crane or by electric power from the dock. The most common is by electric power from the dock (also known as shore power) in which case the electric source is AC which can be from 4,000 up to 13,200 volts.[citation needed]
Container Security Initiative
The Container Security Initiative (CSI) was launched in 2002 by the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP), an agency of the Department of Homeland Security. Its purpose was to increase security for container cargo shipped to the United States. As the CBP puts it, the intent is to "extend [the] zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defense, not the first."
Containerized housing unit
Containerized Housing Unit, usually abbreviated as CHU (and sometimes called Containerized Living Unit or CLU) is the name given to an ISO shipping container pre-fabricated into a living quarters.[1] Such containers can be transported by container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks that are capable of transporting intermodal freight transport cargo.Container Housing units are related to the site and land occupied during a certain amount of time by the need of water supply and evacuation, electricity, telecommunications, etc. Plug-in city is a concept that is developing as more units capable of moving by intermodal means are brought up to the market. Local site is thus of most importance on correct container housing units use. An example of CLU housing is at the Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa base (Camp Lemonnier) in Djibouti.[2]Modular shipping containers are typically referred to as isotainers. In some military applications, the slang terms "Combat Housing Unit" or "cans" has also gained acceptance.
Refrigerated container
A refrigerated container or reefer is an intermodal container (shipping container) used in intermodal freight transport that is refrigerated for the transportation of temperature sensitive cargo.While a reefer will have an integral refrigeration unit, they rely on external power, from electrical power points at a land based site, a container ship or onquay. When being transported over the road on a trailer they can be powered from diesel powered generators ("gen sets") which attach to the container whilst on road journeys.Some reefers are equipped with a water cooling system, which can be used if the reefer is stored below deck on a vessel without adequate ventilation to remove the heat generated.Water cooling systems are expensive, so modern vessels rely more on ventilation to remove heat from cargo holds, and the use of water cooling systems is declining.The impact on society of reefer containers is vast, allowing consumers all over the world to enjoy fresh produce at any time of year and experience previously unavailable fresh produce from many other parts of the world.
Cryogenic cooling
Another refrigeration system sometimes used where the journey time is short is total loss refrigeration, in which frozen carbon dioxide ice (or sometimesliquid nitrogen) is used for cooling.[1] The cyrogenically frozen gas slowly evaporates, and thus cools the container and is vented from it. The container is cooled for as long as there is frozen gas available in the system. These have been used in railcars for many years, providing up to 17 days temperature regulation.[2] Whilst refrigerated containers are not common for air transport, total loss dry ice systems are usually used.[1] These containers have a chamber which is loaded with solid carbon dioxide and the temperature is regulated by a thermostatically controlled electric fan, and the air freight versions are intended to maintain temperature for up to around 100 hours.[3]Full size intermodal containers equipped with these "cryogenic" systems can maintain their for the 30 days needed for sea transport.[2] Since they do not require an external power supply, cryogenically refrigerated containers can be stored anywhere on any vessel that can accommodate "dry" (un-refrigerated) ocean freight containers.[edit]Redundant refrigeration
Valuable, temperature-sensitive, or hazardous cargo often require the utmost in system reliability. This type of reliability can only be achieved through the installation of a redundant refrigeration system.A redundant ISO container system consists of a standard ISO container (i.e. intermodal container), integral primary and backup refrigeration units, and integral primary and back-up diesel generator sets.The two sets of refrigeration units are mounted on one end of the ISO container used for intermodal shipping. This is a much more usable design than others which may try to have equipment on each end and load from the side of the container. The refrigeration units (and generator sets) will be electrically interlocked for automatic start and stop operation as required, such that only one can operate at a time to maintain the required temperature set points. Should the primary refrigeration unit malfunction, the secondary unit would automatically start. Refrigeration units with more highly reliable scroll compressorscan also be used in order to maintain the desired temperatures.The two sets of fuel-powered generator sets will power their respective refrigeration unit whenever necessary. The primary generator set will start automatically based on the status of the cord-supplied electrical power. If the primary generator engine cannot start after a pre-set time, the secondary generator will automatically start.[edit]
Rubber tyred gantry crane
A Rubber Tyred Gantry crane (RTG crane) is a mobile gantry crane used for stacking intermodal containers within the stacking areas of a container terminal. RTGs are used at container terminals and container storage yards to straddling multiple lanes of rail/road and container storage, or when maximum storage density in the container stack is desired.[citation needed]A normal container crane runs on steel rails, instead of rubber-tyres. The side-view appearance of a RTG and a straddle carrier are fairly similar, but the top of a RTG also features has a movable crane.
Shipping container
A shipping container is a container with strength suitable to withstand shipment, storage, and handling. Shipping containers range from large reusable steel boxes used for intermodal shipments to the ubiquitous corrugated boxes.Types of shipping containers
[edit]Intermodal freight containers
Main articles: Intermodal container and Intermodal freight transportFreight containers are a reusable transport and storage unit for moving products and raw materials between locations or countries. There are approximately seventeen million intermodal containers in the world and a large proportion of the world's long distance freight generated by international trade is transported inside shipping containers.[edit]Corrugated box
Main article: corrugated fiberboardCorrugated boxes are commonly used as shipping containers. They are made of corrugated fiberboard which is light weight, recyclable, and strong enough to ship a variety of products.[edit]Wooden box
Main article: Wooden boxWooden boxes are often used for shipping heavy and dense products. They are sometimes specified for shipments of government or military shipments.[edit]Crate
Main article: crateA crate is a large container, often made of wood, used to transport large, heavy or awkward items. A crate has a self-supporting structure, with or without sheathing.[edit]Intermediate bulk shipping container
Main article: Intermediate bulk containerAn Intermediate bulk container (IBC) is a container used for transport and storage of fluids and bulk materials. The construction may be plastic, composite, steel, stainless steel, etc. Some are foldable (collapsable).- Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container
Main article: Flexible intermediate bulk containerA Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container, FIBC , big bag, bulk bag, or super sack is a standardized container in large dimensions for storing and transporting and storing granular products. It is often made of a woven synthetic material.[edit]Bulk box
Main article: Bulk boxA bulk box, bulk bin, skid box, or tote box is a pallet size box used for storage and shipping of bulk quantities.[edit]Drum
Main article: Drum (container)Drums are cylindrical shipping containers made of steel, plastic or fiber. They are often used for liquids and granular materials.[edit]Insulated shipping containers
Main article: Insulated shipping containerInsulated shipping containers are a type of packaging used to ship temperature sensitive products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. They are used as part of a cold chain to help maintain product freshness and efficacy.[edit]Unit load device
A Unit Load Device, or ULD, is a container used to cargo on commercial aircraft.A ULD can be a pallet or container used to load luggage, freight, and mail on wide-body aircraft and specific narrow-body aircraft. It allows a large quantity of cargo to be bundled into a single unit. Since this leads to fewer units to load, it saves ground crews time and effort and helps prevent delayed flights. Each ULD has its own packing list, manifest, or tracking identification to improve control and tracking of contents.[edit]Specialized shipping containers
Custom containers are used for shipments of products such as weapons and aviation components. Customized cushioning, blocking and bracing, carrying handles, lift rings, locks, etc. are common to facilitate handling and to protect the contents. Often, these shipping containers are reusable.- Transit and Flight Case
Main articles: transit case and flightcaseFlight cases and transit cases are usually custom designed for shipping and carrying fragile equipment: audio visual, camera, instruments, etc. Although generally light in construction, they tend to have reinforced edges and corners.- Road Case
Main article: Road caseRoad cases are often used for shipping musical instruments and theater props.[edit]
Straddle carrier
A Straddle Carrier is a non road going vehicle for use in port terminals and intermodal yards used for stacking and moving ISO standard containers. Straddles pick and carry containers while straddling their load and connecting to the top lifting points via a container spreader. These machines have the ability to stack containers up to 4 high. These are capable of relatively low speeds (up to 30 km/h) with a laden container.
Twenty-foot equivalent unit
he twenty-foot equivalent unit (often TEU or teu) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.[1] It is based on the volume of a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) intermodal container, a standard-sized metal box which can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains and trucks.[1]One TEU represents the cargo capacity of a standard intermodal container, 20 feet (6.1 m) long and 8 feet (2.4 m) wide.[1] There is a lack of standardisation in regards to height, ranging between 4.25 and 9.5 feet (1.30 and 2.9 m), with the most common height being 8.5 feet (2.6 m).[2] Also, it is common to designate 45-foot (14 m) containers as 2 TEU, rather than 2.25 TEU.[3]
Cellular vessel
F
A cellular vessel is a container ship specially designed for the efficient storage of freight containers one on top of other with vertical bracings at the four corners. The majority of vessels operated bymaritime carriers are fully cellular ships.
Containers lashed to cellular vessels are less vulnerable to crew tampering than containers on mixed-use cargo vessels, making them less of a risk from the standpoint of port security
Container crane
A container crane (also container handling gantry crane, ship-to-shore crane ) is a design of large dockside gantry cranes found at container terminalsfor loading and unloading intermodal containers from container ships.
Container cranes consistent of a supporting framework that can traverse the length of a quay or yard, and a moving platform called a "spreader". The spreader can be lowered down on top of a container and locks on to the container's four locking points ("cornercastings"), using a "twistlock" mechanism. Cranes normally transport a single container at once, however some newer cranes have the capability to up pick up up to four 20-foot containers at once. The first use of a container crane was constructed by Paceco Corp. for Matson (a marine terminal in Alameda, CA) in the early 1960s and called aPortainer.[citation needed]
A fully maneuverable version not using rails is a rubber tyred gantry crane.
Types
There are two common types of container handling gantry crane: high profile where the boom is hinged at the waterside of the crane structure and lifted up in the air to clear the ships for navigation; the second type is the low profile type where the boom is shuttled/pulled towards and over the ship to allow the trolley to load and discharge containers. Low profile cranes are used where they may be in the flightpath of aircraft such as where a container terminal is located close to an airport.
[edit]Designers and manufacturers
The Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Company (ZPMC) is the world's largest manufacturer of container cranes.[citation needed] Container cranes are often delivered fully assembled on converted oil tankers (the cranes are welded to the deck of the ship for transit). When transported, the cranes are 103 metres and weigh 1,250 tonnes each.[1]
Amongst the major designers and manufactures of these cranes are[citation needed] Liebherr Container Cranes[2], Kalmar Industries[3], (ZPMC)[4], TCM Corporation[5], Konecranes, IMPSA[6], Paceco[7], Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Mitsui Hyundai and Samsung.
A container crane can can cost up to US$10 million each and take two years to deliver.[1]
[edit]Sizes
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Container Cranes are generally classified by their lifting capacity, and the size of the container ships they can load and unload containers.
- Panamax
- A "Panamax" crane can fully load and unload containers from a container ship capable of passing through the Panama Canal (ships of 12–13 container rows wide).
- Post Panamax
- A "Post-Panamax" crane can fully load and unload containers from a container ship too large (too wide) to pass through the Panama Canal (normally about 18 container rows wide).
- Super-Post Panamax
- The largest modern container cranes are classified as "Super-Post Panamax" (for vessels of about 22 container rows wide and/or more). A modern container crane capable of lifting two (2) 20-foot (6.1 m) long containers at once under (end-to-end) the telescopic spreader will generally have a rated lifting capacity of 65 tonnes. Some new cranes have now been built with 120 tonne load capacity enabling them to lift up to four (4) 20-foot (6.1 m) long or two (2) 40-foot (12 m) long containers. Cranes capable of lifting six (6) 20-foot-long containers have also been designed. Post-Panamax cranes weigh approximately 800–900 tonnes while the newer generation Super-PostPanamax cranes can weigh 1600–2000 tonnes.
[edit]Operation
The crane is driven by an operator that sits in a cabin suspend from the trolley. The trolley runs along rails that are located on top or sides of the boom and girder. The operator runs the trolley over the ship to lift the cargo which generally are containers. Once the spreader latches (locks) on to the container with the Spreader, the container is lifted and moved over the dock and placed (discharged) on a truck chassis (trailer) to then be taken to the storage yard. The crane will also lift containers from the chassis to store (load) them on to the ship.
Straddle carriers, sidelifts or container lorries then manoeuvre underneath the crane base, and collect the containers—rapidly moving the containers away from the dock and to a storage yard.
[edit]Power
The cranes are powered by two types of power source; by diesel engine driven generators which are located on top of the crane or by electric power from the dock. The most common is by electric power from the dock (also known as shore power) in which case the electric source is AC which can be from 4,000 up to 13,200 volts.[citation needed]
Container Security Initiative
The Container Security Initiative (CSI) was launched in 2002 by the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP), an agency of the Department of Homeland Security. Its purpose was to increase security for container cargo shipped to the United States. As the CBP puts it, the intent is to "extend [the] zone of security outward so that American borders are the last line of defense, not the first."
Containerized housing unit
Containerized Housing Unit, usually abbreviated as CHU (and sometimes called Containerized Living Unit or CLU) is the name given to an ISO shipping container pre-fabricated into a living quarters.[1] Such containers can be transported by container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks that are capable of transporting intermodal freight transport cargo.
Container Housing units are related to the site and land occupied during a certain amount of time by the need of water supply and evacuation, electricity, telecommunications, etc. Plug-in city is a concept that is developing as more units capable of moving by intermodal means are brought up to the market. Local site is thus of most importance on correct container housing units use. An example of CLU housing is at the Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa base (Camp Lemonnier) in Djibouti.[2]
Modular shipping containers are typically referred to as isotainers. In some military applications, the slang terms "Combat Housing Unit" or "cans" has also gained acceptance.
Refrigerated container
A refrigerated container or reefer is an intermodal container (shipping container) used in intermodal freight transport that is refrigerated for the transportation of temperature sensitive cargo.
While a reefer will have an integral refrigeration unit, they rely on external power, from electrical power points at a land based site, a container ship or onquay. When being transported over the road on a trailer they can be powered from diesel powered generators ("gen sets") which attach to the container whilst on road journeys.
Some reefers are equipped with a water cooling system, which can be used if the reefer is stored below deck on a vessel without adequate ventilation to remove the heat generated.
Water cooling systems are expensive, so modern vessels rely more on ventilation to remove heat from cargo holds, and the use of water cooling systems is declining.
The impact on society of reefer containers is vast, allowing consumers all over the world to enjoy fresh produce at any time of year and experience previously unavailable fresh produce from many other parts of the world.
Cryogenic cooling
Another refrigeration system sometimes used where the journey time is short is total loss refrigeration, in which frozen carbon dioxide ice (or sometimesliquid nitrogen) is used for cooling.[1] The cyrogenically frozen gas slowly evaporates, and thus cools the container and is vented from it. The container is cooled for as long as there is frozen gas available in the system. These have been used in railcars for many years, providing up to 17 days temperature regulation.[2] Whilst refrigerated containers are not common for air transport, total loss dry ice systems are usually used.[1] These containers have a chamber which is loaded with solid carbon dioxide and the temperature is regulated by a thermostatically controlled electric fan, and the air freight versions are intended to maintain temperature for up to around 100 hours.[3]
Full size intermodal containers equipped with these "cryogenic" systems can maintain their for the 30 days needed for sea transport.[2] Since they do not require an external power supply, cryogenically refrigerated containers can be stored anywhere on any vessel that can accommodate "dry" (un-refrigerated) ocean freight containers.
[edit]Redundant refrigeration
Valuable, temperature-sensitive, or hazardous cargo often require the utmost in system reliability. This type of reliability can only be achieved through the installation of a redundant refrigeration system.
A redundant ISO container system consists of a standard ISO container (i.e. intermodal container), integral primary and backup refrigeration units, and integral primary and back-up diesel generator sets.
The two sets of refrigeration units are mounted on one end of the ISO container used for intermodal shipping. This is a much more usable design than others which may try to have equipment on each end and load from the side of the container. The refrigeration units (and generator sets) will be electrically interlocked for automatic start and stop operation as required, such that only one can operate at a time to maintain the required temperature set points. Should the primary refrigeration unit malfunction, the secondary unit would automatically start. Refrigeration units with more highly reliable scroll compressorscan also be used in order to maintain the desired temperatures.
The two sets of fuel-powered generator sets will power their respective refrigeration unit whenever necessary. The primary generator set will start automatically based on the status of the cord-supplied electrical power. If the primary generator engine cannot start after a pre-set time, the secondary generator will automatically start.
[edit]
Rubber tyred gantry crane
A Rubber Tyred Gantry crane (RTG crane) is a mobile gantry crane used for stacking intermodal containers within the stacking areas of a container terminal. RTGs are used at container terminals and container storage yards to straddling multiple lanes of rail/road and container storage, or when maximum storage density in the container stack is desired.[citation needed]A normal container crane runs on steel rails, instead of rubber-tyres. The side-view appearance of a RTG and a straddle carrier are fairly similar, but the top of a RTG also features has a movable crane.
Shipping container
A shipping container is a container with strength suitable to withstand shipment, storage, and handling. Shipping containers range from large reusable steel boxes used for intermodal shipments to the ubiquitous corrugated boxes.Types of shipping containers
[edit]Intermodal freight containers
Main articles: Intermodal container and Intermodal freight transportFreight containers are a reusable transport and storage unit for moving products and raw materials between locations or countries. There are approximately seventeen million intermodal containers in the world and a large proportion of the world's long distance freight generated by international trade is transported inside shipping containers.[edit]Corrugated box
Main article: corrugated fiberboardCorrugated boxes are commonly used as shipping containers. They are made of corrugated fiberboard which is light weight, recyclable, and strong enough to ship a variety of products.[edit]Wooden box
Main article: Wooden boxWooden boxes are often used for shipping heavy and dense products. They are sometimes specified for shipments of government or military shipments.[edit]Crate
Main article: crateA crate is a large container, often made of wood, used to transport large, heavy or awkward items. A crate has a self-supporting structure, with or without sheathing.[edit]Intermediate bulk shipping container
Main article: Intermediate bulk containerAn Intermediate bulk container (IBC) is a container used for transport and storage of fluids and bulk materials. The construction may be plastic, composite, steel, stainless steel, etc. Some are foldable (collapsable).- Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container
Main article: Flexible intermediate bulk containerA Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container, FIBC , big bag, bulk bag, or super sack is a standardized container in large dimensions for storing and transporting and storing granular products. It is often made of a woven synthetic material.[edit]Bulk box
Main article: Bulk boxA bulk box, bulk bin, skid box, or tote box is a pallet size box used for storage and shipping of bulk quantities.[edit]Drum
Main article: Drum (container)Drums are cylindrical shipping containers made of steel, plastic or fiber. They are often used for liquids and granular materials.[edit]Insulated shipping containers
Main article: Insulated shipping containerInsulated shipping containers are a type of packaging used to ship temperature sensitive products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. They are used as part of a cold chain to help maintain product freshness and efficacy.[edit]Unit load device
A Unit Load Device, or ULD, is a container used to cargo on commercial aircraft.A ULD can be a pallet or container used to load luggage, freight, and mail on wide-body aircraft and specific narrow-body aircraft. It allows a large quantity of cargo to be bundled into a single unit. Since this leads to fewer units to load, it saves ground crews time and effort and helps prevent delayed flights. Each ULD has its own packing list, manifest, or tracking identification to improve control and tracking of contents.[edit]Specialized shipping containers
Custom containers are used for shipments of products such as weapons and aviation components. Customized cushioning, blocking and bracing, carrying handles, lift rings, locks, etc. are common to facilitate handling and to protect the contents. Often, these shipping containers are reusable.- Transit and Flight Case
Main articles: transit case and flightcaseFlight cases and transit cases are usually custom designed for shipping and carrying fragile equipment: audio visual, camera, instruments, etc. Although generally light in construction, they tend to have reinforced edges and corners.- Road Case
Main article: Road caseRoad cases are often used for shipping musical instruments and theater props.[edit]
Straddle carrier
A Straddle Carrier is a non road going vehicle for use in port terminals and intermodal yards used for stacking and moving ISO standard containers. Straddles pick and carry containers while straddling their load and connecting to the top lifting points via a container spreader. These machines have the ability to stack containers up to 4 high. These are capable of relatively low speeds (up to 30 km/h) with a laden container.
Twenty-foot equivalent unit
he twenty-foot equivalent unit (often TEU or teu) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.[1] It is based on the volume of a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) intermodal container, a standard-sized metal box which can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains and trucks.[1]One TEU represents the cargo capacity of a standard intermodal container, 20 feet (6.1 m) long and 8 feet (2.4 m) wide.[1] There is a lack of standardisation in regards to height, ranging between 4.25 and 9.5 feet (1.30 and 2.9 m), with the most common height being 8.5 feet (2.6 m).[2] Also, it is common to designate 45-foot (14 m) containers as 2 TEU, rather than 2.25 TEU.[3]
Rubber tyred gantry crane
A Rubber Tyred Gantry crane (RTG crane) is a mobile gantry crane used for stacking intermodal containers within the stacking areas of a container terminal. RTGs are used at container terminals and container storage yards to straddling multiple lanes of rail/road and container storage, or when maximum storage density in the container stack is desired.[citation needed]
A normal container crane runs on steel rails, instead of rubber-tyres. The side-view appearance of a RTG and a straddle carrier are fairly similar, but the top of a RTG also features has a movable crane.
Shipping container
A shipping container is a container with strength suitable to withstand shipment, storage, and handling. Shipping containers range from large reusable steel boxes used for intermodal shipments to the ubiquitous corrugated boxes.
Types of shipping containers
[edit]Intermodal freight containers
Main articles: Intermodal container and Intermodal freight transport
Freight containers are a reusable transport and storage unit for moving products and raw materials between locations or countries. There are approximately seventeen million intermodal containers in the world and a large proportion of the world's long distance freight generated by international trade is transported inside shipping containers.
[edit]Corrugated box
Main article: corrugated fiberboard
Corrugated boxes are commonly used as shipping containers. They are made of corrugated fiberboard which is light weight, recyclable, and strong enough to ship a variety of products.
[edit]Wooden box
Main article: Wooden box
Wooden boxes are often used for shipping heavy and dense products. They are sometimes specified for shipments of government or military shipments.
[edit]Crate
Main article: crate
A crate is a large container, often made of wood, used to transport large, heavy or awkward items. A crate has a self-supporting structure, with or without sheathing.
[edit]Intermediate bulk shipping container
Main article: Intermediate bulk container
An Intermediate bulk container (IBC) is a container used for transport and storage of fluids and bulk materials. The construction may be plastic, composite, steel, stainless steel, etc. Some are foldable (collapsable).
- Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container
Main article: Flexible intermediate bulk container
A Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container, FIBC , big bag, bulk bag, or super sack is a standardized container in large dimensions for storing and transporting and storing granular products. It is often made of a woven synthetic material.
[edit]Bulk box
Main article: Bulk box
A bulk box, bulk bin, skid box, or tote box is a pallet size box used for storage and shipping of bulk quantities.
[edit]Drum
Main article: Drum (container)
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Drums are cylindrical shipping containers made of steel, plastic or fiber. They are often used for liquids and granular materials.
[edit]Insulated shipping containers
Main article: Insulated shipping container
Insulated shipping containers are a type of packaging used to ship temperature sensitive products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. They are used as part of a cold chain to help maintain product freshness and efficacy.
[edit]Unit load device
A Unit Load Device, or ULD, is a container used to cargo on commercial aircraft.
A ULD can be a pallet or container used to load luggage, freight, and mail on wide-body aircraft and specific narrow-body aircraft. It allows a large quantity of cargo to be bundled into a single unit. Since this leads to fewer units to load, it saves ground crews time and effort and helps prevent delayed flights. Each ULD has its own packing list, manifest, or tracking identification to improve control and tracking of contents.
[edit]Specialized shipping containers
.jpg)
Custom containers are used for shipments of products such as weapons and aviation components. Customized cushioning, blocking and bracing, carrying handles, lift rings, locks, etc. are common to facilitate handling and to protect the contents. Often, these shipping containers are reusable.
- Transit and Flight Case
Main articles: transit case and flightcase
Flight cases and transit cases are usually custom designed for shipping and carrying fragile equipment: audio visual, camera, instruments, etc. Although generally light in construction, they tend to have reinforced edges and corners.
- Road Case
Main article: Road case
Road cases are often used for shipping musical instruments and theater props.
[edit]
Straddle carrier
A Straddle Carrier is a non road going vehicle for use in port terminals and intermodal yards used for stacking and moving ISO standard containers. Straddles pick and carry containers while straddling their load and connecting to the top lifting points via a container spreader. These machines have the ability to stack containers up to 4 high. These are capable of relatively low speeds (up to 30 km/h) with a laden container.
Twenty-foot equivalent unit
he twenty-foot equivalent unit (often TEU or teu) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.[1] It is based on the volume of a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) intermodal container, a standard-sized metal box which can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains and trucks.[1]One TEU represents the cargo capacity of a standard intermodal container, 20 feet (6.1 m) long and 8 feet (2.4 m) wide.[1] There is a lack of standardisation in regards to height, ranging between 4.25 and 9.5 feet (1.30 and 2.9 m), with the most common height being 8.5 feet (2.6 m).[2] Also, it is common to designate 45-foot (14 m) containers as 2 TEU, rather than 2.25 TEU.[3]
Straddle carrier
A Straddle Carrier is a non road going vehicle for use in port terminals and intermodal yards used for stacking and moving ISO standard containers. Straddles pick and carry containers while straddling their load and connecting to the top lifting points via a container spreader. These machines have the ability to stack containers up to 4 high. These are capable of relatively low speeds (up to 30 km/h) with a laden container.
Twenty-foot equivalent unit
he twenty-foot equivalent unit (often TEU or teu) is an inexact unit of cargo capacity often used to describe the capacity of container ships and container terminals.[1] It is based on the volume of a 20-foot-long (6.1 m) intermodal container, a standard-sized metal box which can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains and trucks.[1]
One TEU represents the cargo capacity of a standard intermodal container, 20 feet (6.1 m) long and 8 feet (2.4 m) wide.[1] There is a lack of standardisation in regards to height, ranging between 4.25 and 9.5 feet (1.30 and 2.9 m), with the most common height being 8.5 feet (2.6 m).[2] Also, it is common to designate 45-foot (14 m) containers as 2 TEU, rather than 2.25 TEU.[3]
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